SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Amazon Machine Image</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazon Machine Image</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>An <b>Amazon Machine Image</b> (<b>AMI</b>) is a special type of <a href="Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">virtual appliance</a> that is used to create a <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> within the <a href="Amazon_EC2" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon EC2">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2). It serves as the basic unit of deployment for services delivered using EC2.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Like all <a href="Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">virtual appliances</a>, the main component of an AMI is a read-only filesystem image that includes an operating system (e.g., <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, or <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>) and any additional software required to deliver a service or a portion of it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An AMI includes the following:

</p>

<ul><li>A template for the root volume for the instance (for example, an operating system, an application server, and applications)</li>

<li>Launch permissions that control which AWS accounts can use the AMI to launch instances</li>

<li>A block device mapping that specifies the volumes to attach to the instance when it's launched</li></ul>

<p>The AMI filesystem is compressed, encrypted, signed, split into a series of 10 MB chunks and uploaded into <a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> for storage. An XML manifest file stores information about the AMI, including name, version, architecture, default kernel id, decryption key and digests for all of the filesystem chunks.

</p><p>Current AMIs are available for <a href="Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">hardware virtualized machines</a> (HVM)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the operating system is installed as it would be on real hardware. With the still available older <a href="Paravirtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravirtualization">paravirtualized virtual machines</a> (PV),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an AMI did not include a kernel image, only a pointer to the default kernel id, which could be chosen from an approved list of safe kernels maintained by Amazon and its partners (e.g., <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, <a href="Canonical_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Ltd.">Canonical</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>). Users could choose kernels other than the default when booting an PVM AMI.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2></div>

<p>When it launched in August 2006, the EC2 service offered <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and later <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' <a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> and <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris Express Community Edition</a>. In October 2008, EC2 added the <a href="Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> and <a href="Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> operating systems to the list of available <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2010, it has also been reported to run <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in March 2011, <a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> AMIs became available.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2012, <a href="Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> support was added.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazon_Linux_AMI">Amazon Linux AMI</h3></div>

<p>Amazon has its own Linux distribution that is largely binary compatible with <a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offering has been in production since September 2011, and in development since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final release of the original Amazon Linux is version 2018.03<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uses version 4.14 of the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. Amazon Linux 2 changed from <a href="Init#SysV-style" title="Init">System V init system</a> to <a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> boot.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced in June 2018, and is updated on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Amazon Linux 2023 was the next version, which launched alongside a new two-yearly release cadence. It comes with various kernel hardening features, and also enables kernel live patching.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_images">Types of images</h2></div>

<ul><li><b>Public</b>: an AMI that can be used by anyone.</li>

<li><b>Paid</b>: a for-pay AMI that is registered with Amazon DevPay and can be used by anyone who subscribes for it. DevPay allows developers to mark-up Amazon's usage fees and optionally add monthly subscription fees.</li>

<li><b>Shared</b>: a private AMI that can only be used by Amazon EC2<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> users who are allowed access to it by the developer.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAmazon" class="citation web cs1">Amazon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/#functionality">"Amazon EC2 Functionality"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmazon" class="citation web cs1">Amazon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403045744/http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonEC2/gsg/2006-06-26/creating-an-image.html">"Creating an Image"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonEC2/gsg/2006-06-26/creating-an-image.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types">"Amazon EC2 Instance Types"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/virtualization_types.html">"Linux AMI virtualization types"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-ec2-feature/">AWS Blog post announcing EC2 User Selectable Kernels</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShankland2008" class="citation web cs1">Shankland, Stephen (October 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10073696-2.html">"Amazon's Linux cloud computing out of beta, joined by Windows"</a>. CNet News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aws.amazon.com/windows/">"Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Running Microsoft Windows Server and SQL Server"</a>. Amazon.com. October 23, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201023846/http://aws.amazon.com/windows/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daemonology.net/freebsd-on-ec2/">FreeBSD on EC2 status</a>. Daemonology.net. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/netbsd_now_runs_under_amazon">NetBSD Blog</a>. Blog.netbsd.org (2011-03-13). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2012/11/windows-server-2012-now-available-on-aws.html">"Windows Server 2012 Now Available on AWS"</a>. Amazon.com. November 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220520/https://forums.aws.amazon.com/thread.jspa?threadID=51647">"AWS Developer Forums"</a>. <i>Amazon Linux AMI - what distro is this based on?</i>. 16 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.aws.amazon.com/thread.jspa?threadID=51647">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmeier2011" class="citation web cs1">Brockmeier, Joe (September 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readwrite.com/2011/09/27/amazons-linux-ami-is-all-grown/">"Amazon's Linux AMI is All Grown Up"</a>. readwriteweb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-ami/2018.03-release-notes/">"Amazon Linux AMI 2018.03 Release Notes"</a>. <i>Amazon Web Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-2/faqs">"Amazon Linux 2 FAQs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2018/06/announcing-amazon-linux-2-with-long-term-support/">"Announcing Amazon Linux 2 with Long Term Support"</a>. <i>Amazon Web Services</i>. 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcloud.training/amazon-ec2/">"Amazon EC2 – web service that provides compute capacity in the cloud"</a>. 5 January 2022.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/creating-an-ami.html">Creating and preparing AMIs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100222034027/http://developer.amazonwebservices.com/connect/kbcategory.jspa?categoryID=171">Amazon Web Services Developer Community : Amazon Machine Images (AMIs)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-ami/">Amazon Linux AMI</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amazon206" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Amazon206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (Founder and Executive Chairman)</li>

<li><a href="Andy_Jassy" title="Andy Jassy">Andy Jassy</a> (President and CEO)</li>

<li><a href="Werner_Vogels" title="Werner Vogels">Werner Vogels</a> (CTO)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rick_Dalzell" title="Rick Dalzell">Rick Dalzell</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Davis_(programmer)" title="Paul Davis (programmer)">Paul Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Hsieh" title="Tony Hsieh">Tony Hsieh</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_North_(businessman)" title="Christopher North (businessman)">Christopher North</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Szkutak" title="Tom Szkutak">Tom Szkutak</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Valentine" title="Brian Valentine">Brian Valentine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Amazon_locations" title="List of Amazon locations">List of Amazon locations</a></li>

<li><a href="Doppler_(building)" title="Doppler (building)">Doppler</a></li>

<li><a href="Principal_Place" title="Principal Place">Principal Place</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Spheres" title="Amazon Spheres">Spheres</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Bellevue_600" title="Bellevue 600">Bellevue 600</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br>services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AbeBooks" title="AbeBooks">AbeBooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Clinic" title="Amazon Clinic">Amazon Clinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Games" title="Amazon Games">Amazon Games</a>

<ul><li><a href="Double_Helix_Games" title="Double Helix Games">Double Helix Games</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Lab126" title="Amazon Lab126">Amazon Lab126</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Pharmacy" title="Amazon Pharmacy">Amazon Pharmacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_University_Esports" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon University Esports">Amazon University Esports</a></li>

<li><a href="Annapurna_Labs" title="Annapurna Labs">Annapurna Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Audible_(service)" title="Audible (service)">Audible</a></li>

<li><a href="Blink_Home" title="Blink Home">Blink Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_Depository" title="Book Depository">Book Depository</a></li>

<li><a href="BookFinder.com" title="BookFinder.com">BookFinder</a></li>

<li><a href="ComiXology" title="ComiXology">ComiXology</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li>

<li><a href="AmazonFresh" class="mw-redirect" title="AmazonFresh">Fresh</a></li>

<li><a href="Goodreads" title="Goodreads">Goodreads</a>

<ul><li><a href="Goodreads_Choice_Awards" title="Goodreads Choice Awards">Goodreads Choice Awards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Graphiq" title="Graphiq">Graphiq</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></li>

<li><a href="IMDb#IMDbPro" title="IMDb">IMDbPro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kuiper_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="1Life_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="1Life Healthcare">One Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="PillPack" title="PillPack">PillPack</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Neighbors_(app)" title="Neighbors (app)">Neighbors</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shopbop" title="Shopbop">Shopbop</a></li>

<li><a href="Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>

<li><a href="Zappos" title="Zappos">Zappos</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cloud<br>computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Web Services</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Amazon_Aurora" title="Amazon Aurora">Amazon Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk" title="AWS Elastic Beanstalk">Beanstalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">CloudFront</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_ElastiCache" title="Amazon ElastiCache">ElastiCache</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Glacier">Glacier</a></li>

<li><a href="AWS_Lambda" title="AWS Lambda">Lambda</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Lightsail" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Lightsail">Lightsail</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Mechanical_Turk" title="Amazon Mechanical Turk">MTurk</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Neptune" title="Amazon Neptune">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Product_Advertising_API" title="Amazon Product Advertising API">Product Advertising API</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Redshift" title="Amazon Redshift">Redshift</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Rekognition" title="Amazon Rekognition">Rekognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Route_53" title="Amazon Route 53">Route 53</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_SageMaker" title="Amazon SageMaker">SageMaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_SimpleDB" title="Amazon SimpleDB">SimpleDB</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_(company)#Website" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.com</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_China" title="Amazon China">China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Appstore</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Digital Game Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Pay" title="Amazon Pay">Payments</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Prime" title="Amazon Prime">Prime</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_miniTV" title="Amazon miniTV">Amazon miniTV</a></li>

<li><a href="MX_Player" title="MX Player">MX Player</a>

<li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Prime Music">Prime Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Now" title="Prime Now">Prime Now</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Prime Pantry">Prime Pantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sports_on_Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Sports on Amazon Prime Video">Sports</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Marketplace" title="Amazon Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Music</a> (<a href="Wondery" title="Wondery">Wondery</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Amazon_(company)#AmazonWireless" title="Amazon (company)">Wireless</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Astro" title="Amazon Astro">Astro</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Fire_TV#Fire_TV_Stick" title="Amazon Fire TV">Stick</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1-Click" title="1-Click">1-Click</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamo_(storage_system)" title="Dynamo (storage system)">Dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Obidos_(software)" title="Obidos (software)">Obidos</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Lumberyard" title="Amazon Lumberyard">Lumberyard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Games" title="Amazon Games">Amazon Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Publishing" title="Amazon Publishing">Amazon Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award" title="Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award">Breakthrough Novel Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon's_Best_Books_of_the_Year" title="Amazon's Best Books of the Year">Best Books of the Year</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a>

<ul><li><a href="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_Pictures" title="Orion Pictures">Orion Pictures</a></li>

<li><a href="American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="YES_Network" title="YES Network">YES Network</a> (15%)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Fresh" title="Amazon Fresh">Amazon Fresh</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Go" title="Amazon Go">Amazon Go</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Air" title="Amazon Air">Amazon Air</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Air" title="Amazon Prime Air">Amazon Prime Air</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="43_Things" title="43 Things">43 Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Askville" title="Askville">Askville</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Amapedia" title="Amapedia">Amapedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Books" title="Amazon Books">Amazon Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Amie_Street" title="Amie Street">Amie Street</a> (<a href="Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a>)</li>

<li><a href="CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Dash" title="Amazon Dash">Dash buttons</a></li>

<li><a href="Diapers.com" title="Diapers.com">Diapers.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">Digital Photography Review</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Drive" title="Amazon Drive">Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Endless.com" title="Endless.com">Endless.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_Phone" title="Fire Phone">Fire Phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexcycle" title="Lexcycle">Lexcycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquavista" title="Liquavista">Liquavista</a></li>

<li><a href="LivingSocial" title="LivingSocial">LivingSocial</a></li>

<li><a href="LoveFilm" title="LoveFilm">LoveFilm</a></li>

<li><a href="MGM_Holdings" title="MGM Holdings">MGM Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li>

<li><a href="PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_Entertainment" title="Reflexive Entertainment">Reflexive Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sellaband" title="Sellaband">Sellaband</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelfari" title="Shelfari">Shelfari</a></li>

<li><a href="TenMarks_Education%2C_Inc." title="TenMarks Education, Inc.">TenMarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Treasure_Truck" title="Treasure Truck">Treasure Truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Withoutabox" title="Withoutabox">Withoutabox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Perfect_10%2C_Inc._v._Amazon.com%2C_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Amazon.com%2C_Inc._v._Barnesandnoble.com%2C_Inc." title="Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.">Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Amazon.com_Inc_v_Canada_(Commissioner_of_Patents)" title="Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)">Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Amazon" title="FTC v. Amazon">FTC v. Amazon</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Light" title="Amazon Light">Amazon Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_Banana_Stand" title="Community Banana Stand">Community Banana Stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Amazon" title="Criticism of Amazon">Criticism</a> (<a href="Amazon_tax" title="Amazon tax">tax</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Fishbowl" title="Amazon Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Amazon" title="History of Amazon">History of Amazon</a></li>

<li><a href="LibraryThing" title="LibraryThing">LibraryThing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Amazon_brands" title="List of Amazon brands">List of Amazon brands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Amazon_products_and_services" title="List of Amazon products and services">List of Amazon products and services</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon">List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Locker">Locker</a></li>

<li><a href="MacKenzie_Scott" title="MacKenzie Scott">MacKenzie Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistically_improbable_phrase" title="Statistically improbable phrase">Statistically improbable phrase</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_worker_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon worker organization">Worker organization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Amazon_fatalities" title="List of Amazon fatalities">List of fatalities</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwardsville_Amazon_warehouse_collapse" title="Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse">Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congress_of_Essential_Workers" title="Congress of Essential Workers">Congress of Essential Workers</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Labor_Union" title="Amazon Labor Union">Amazon Labor Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_worker_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon worker organization">Amazon worker organization</a>

<ul><li><a href="2024_Teamsters_Amazon_Strike" title="2024 Teamsters Amazon Strike">2024 strike</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Amazon_Machine_Image&oldid=1295912674">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>